Sums of Squares
Computational formulas for the sums of squares will not be given
since it is assumed that complex analyses will not be done by hand.
Mean Squares
As always, a mean square is computed by dividing the
sum of squares by the degrees of freedom.
Generally speaking, no mean square is computed for the variable
"subjects" since it is assumed that subjects differ from one another
thus making a significance test of "subjects" superfluous.
Relationship between F and t
The F from a within-subjects design with two levels of the
independent variable is equal to the t² from a test of
differences between dependent means. This
relationship is the same as the relationship between F and t in
between-subject designs.